The Importance of Free Will in A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Choice, " rumbled a rich deep gloss. I divided it belonged to the prison charlie. "He has no real choice, has he? Self-interest, fear of physical pain, drove him to that grotesque act of self-abasement. Its insincerity was clearly to be seen. He ceases to be a wrongdoer. He ceases also to be a creature capable of moral choice. " "These are subtleties, " like smiled Dr. Brodsky. "We are not concerned with motive, with the higher ethics. We are concerned only with cutting down crime - " "And, " chipped in this bolshy well-dressed Minister, "with relieving the ghastly congestion in our prisons. " (Burgess, 1986, p. 72) Burgess portrays a dystopian future reality, emphasizing the important issues in contemporary modern English society in the 20th Century. These are similar to the themes addressed by George Orwell in 1984, fearing the mind-controlling aspects of totalitarian government as it developed from mass-media and popular democracy, but Burgess also highlights the way that style, fashion, advertising, and trends reinforce this in society. Both Alex and the prison chaplain in the novel are portrayed as uncritical and selfish, filled with different types of social programming - not as heroic figures and models of admiration, but as humans who have lost their own ability to think for themselves and to see what is really valuable and true in the society. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Free Will in A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page I know. " "You've made others suffer, " said this Joe. "It's only right you should suffer proper. I've been told everything that you've done, sitting here at night around the family table, and pretty shocking it was to listen to. Made me really sick a lot of it did. " "I wish, " I said, "I was back in the prison. Dear old Staja as it was. I'm trying off now, " I said. "You won't ever viddy me no more. I'll make my own way, thank you very much. Let it lie heavy on your consciences. "

Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa - 1383 Words

Bulimia Nervosa â€Å"Up to 30 million people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder† (Wade, Keski- Rahkonen, Hudson, 1995). There are many factors which contribute to the development of eating disorders including â€Å"biology, emotional health, and societal expectation, and other issues† (â€Å"Diseases and Conditions Bulimia nervosa†). One of the most prominent eating disorders in America and around the globe has been around since the Middle Ages: â€Å"Bulimia is first reliably described among the some of the wealthy in the Middle Ages who would vomit during meals so they could consume more† (â€Å"A History of Eating Disorders†). Today bulimia is more prevalent and is predicted to affect around â€Å"4% of women in the United States† (â€Å"Eating Disorder Statistics and Research†). In 1979, Gerald Russell published a description of bulimia nervosa. It was the first description of bulimia ever published. Only a year later in 198 0 bulimia appeared for the first time in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III. Bulimia has come to be known as bulimia nervosa for its similarity to another eating disorder known as anorexia nervosa, and also known as the binge- purge disorder for its cycle of bingeing and purging. Like anorexia, bulimia is normally developed during adolescences or early adulthood and â€Å"both are characterized by severely restricting food consumption.† (â€Å"Bulimia Nervosa†) However, unlike anorexia, bulimia is also characterized by binge eating. BingeShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders : Bulimia Nervosa1382 Words   |  6 Pagesto turn to eating disorders, including bulimia nervosa. During the time I was bulimic, I remember watching movies and fashion shows, then looking at myself in the mirror and thinking â€Å"I’m never going to be skinny enough†. I now realize how wrong I was for punishing myself like that and how much damage I was doing to my body. That’s why I think it’s important for everyone to read about bulimia, because this disorder may go unobserved for years and sometimes, it can be too late. Bulimia can be veryRead MoreBulimia Nervosa Is An Eating Disorder1420 Words   |  6 PagesBulimia nervosa is an eating disorder that consists of the distortion on one’s body image and an obsessive desire to lose weight. It involves binge eating which is the rapid ingesting of large amounts of food, commonly followed by vomiting, fasting, or purging that is accompanied by depression. An individual with bulimia will attempt to avoid weight gain by vomiting or using laxatives, diuretics, or enemas. It is common to see a bulimic individual restrict their food intake or exercise excessivelyRead MoreBulimia Nervosa Is An Eating Disorder Essay2102 Words   |  9 PagesBulimia nervosa is an eating disorder that is most commonly found in women of teenage or young adult age (Herzog, D. B. (1982). This di sorder can have very serious effects on the body. Some of these physical effects include â€Å"dental problems, inflamed esophagus, EEG abnormalities, abdominal or urinary disturbances, and changes in blood sugar level.† (Muuss, R. E. (1986). ) The mental and emotional tolls of this disorder can be equally as dangerous. According to Pompili, M., Girardi, P., Ruberto, ARead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1303 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasing number of cases of eating disorders. According to a National Institute of Mental Health article (Eating Disorders, 2016), an eating disorder is an illness that causes physical disturbance to your everyday diet. A person who is stressed or concerned about their body weight is a sign that he or she might have an eating disorder. Out of all the eating disorders, the two most common are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder where people, who are underweightRead MoreEating Disorders And The Treatment Of Bulimia Nervosa Essay914 Words   |  4 PagesFamilies in the Treatment of Adolescent Bulimia Nervosa Using Family-Based Treatment? Uchenna Obiagwu University of North Texas Are Single-Parent Families Different from Two-Parent Families in the Treatment of Adolescent Bulimia Nervosa Using Family-Based Treatment? A research was conducted on forty-one 17 years old female adolescent with bulimia nervosa. The purpose of the study was to examine whether family play a vital role for the treatment of bulimia nervosa. It also examine how family involvementRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Nervosa1830 Words   |  8 Pagesneeded to be thin. She would do all she can to get thin. She would look in the mirror and see herself as being fat and ugly. So she chooses not to eat or she binge eat and then purge. Now Addie has what is called an eating disorder. An eating disorder is can be described as abnormal eating to alter the body image due to psychological reasons. According to Janet Belsky, it can also be classified as a pathological obsession with getting and staying thin. (Belsky 252) They are associated with a wide rangeRead MoreEating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa2131 Words   |  9 PagesUsing the cases of two eating disorders (anorexia nervosa and bul imia nervosa), or obesity, one can determine that health and illnesses are just as much of a societal and cultural issue, as they are a medical issue. Eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia are both mental illnesses. Anorexia nervosa involves starving oneself to avoid gaining weight, while bulimia involves binge eating followed by purging to avoid weight gain (Gerber and Macionis 2012). Both of these disorders stem from a fear ofRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia, And Binge Eating1453 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States of America 20 million women, and 10 million men suffer from a clinically significant eating disorder at some time in their life. There are three types of eating disorders, Anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge eating. Eating disorders can be life-threatening conditions that can affect a person’s physical health, and emotional. Something that serious has people wondering what exactly is causing these people to risk their health o n it? One possibility would be social influencesRead MoreBulimia Nervosa Is A Psychological Eating Disorder, Which1080 Words   |  5 Pages Bulimia Nervosa is a psychological eating disorder, which is considered very dangerous for life. It is described as an abnormal consumption of food in large quantities. After overeating a person has a desire to avoid of gaining weight and can expressly induce vomiting or drink laxatives in order to get rid of the negative consequences of overeating. From psychological point of view Bulimia nervosa is very painful for those who suffer this disease. A bulimic person is well aware that suchRead More The Prevalence Of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, And Binge Eating Disorder1723 Words   |  7 PagesPrevalence Of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, And Binge Eating Disorder How prevalent is anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and other eating disorders? Without the knowledge of research, one is likely to think eating disorders are quite prevalent in society today. However, research proves that eating disorders, in general, are not as prevalent as one might think without any knowledge of the subject. Prevalence of an eating disorder refers to the number of cases of an eating disorder within a population

Media-Based Anticrime Efforts Free Essays

Today’s prevalent technological innovations contribute to the growing incidents of crime in the United States. This alarming fact has already been brought into the awareness of the National Citizens’ Crime Prevention Campaign and that which the agency has been addressing these days. Majority of NCPC’s campaigns are engaged in preventing crimes that involve the internet crime, bullying, and theft. We will write a custom essay sample on Media-Based Anticrime Efforts or any similar topic only for you Order Now (â€Å"Current Campaigns†) In addition, Court TV’s Choices and Consequences also wishes to help the American society become aware of its ability to prevent crime. Empowering the youth – as its main targeted audience – with the wisdom that they can help prevent crime by being aware that the decisions that they make as adolescents have significant lifetime consequences is what this award-winning program do. (â€Å"Mission†) In my opinion, these crime-fighting organizations are effective with their mission of preventing crimes in the society. Through their programs, the community is provided with sufficient information that strips them off from being ignorant about the most recent crime trends in the society. This information will serve as their weapon in fighting against particular crimes when they encounter them. The use of the various forms of media leaves no man ignorant about serious social issues that directly affect him. Consequently, sometimes, excessive use of media in order to deter crime does not necessarily mean that it initiates fear among the members of the society to commit crime. There are even instances when people are influenced otherwise. Too much information also leads to curiosity – curiosity to do what and how it feels like to do what the law tries hard to prevent from happening. Moreover, though broadcast companies hate to admit it, media sensationalize crime incidents that results to adverse psychological effects among some members of the society. There is moreover a conflicting interest issues in the media’s concern regarding its ability to report and deter crime. The federal government, in its hope to secure the society and prevent crimes from happening utilizes the media in order to popularize its campaigns against crime. Major organizations who are advocates of deterring crime also provides television networks with a large sum of money just to make sure people are aware of the criminal issues that are happening in the society so they can avoid it when in the situation. These huge amounts of money that is at stake here leaves us into doubt whether the media companies are earnest in helping deter crime in the community. References: Current Campaigns. Retrieved from http://www.ncpc.org/newsroom/current-campaigns on Oct.  25, 2007. Mission. Retrieved   on Oct. 25, 2007.    How to cite Media-Based Anticrime Efforts, Essay examples

Collective Security free essay sample

When considering this idea of collective security one cannot view it as a single entity as many derived forms exist. Instead this essay will strive to consider each of these possible derivatives and analyse how this applies to the UN to uncover which one they implement. To discover if collective security is articulated in their aims the UN charter will be examined to see whether it actually does bring about a plausible form of security or whether it lacks in certain areas due to contradiction and its writing being post-war. In addition to this, modern case studies can be used to uncover if the UN has been successful is achieving the aims laid out in the charter or whether they have become dated in today’s global politics. When trying to define this concept of collective security one would think that a clear, simple definition would exist so that upon any discussion of security issues, it would allow the people involved to have a concise understanding of the notion, thus avoiding any ambiguity and confusion. However, as if so often the case, this has been far more challenging to achieve and even ‘academics and so-called experts in legal departments and diplomatic services, are guilty of perpetrating and propagating the confusion surrounding the concept. ’ The problem faced is that the term â€Å"collective security† can be easily broken down into two parts, whereby this idea of â€Å"security† can be viewed as a prevention of any form of conflict that could affect the current state of peace on any level. Collective,† on the other hand, is seen as more than one state acting together to maintain this, through the means of agreeing and adhering to a certain set of rules. Therefore, we could draw the conclusion that the combination of both of these would lead to the understanding that collective security is ‘any multilateral arrangement or action taken in the name of defence, peace and morality. The difficulty faced is that beyond this point of understanding ‘many forms of collective security are possible, varying by the substance of the rules, who determines the rules, and how to enforce these rules’ and so what has spawned from a single concept of security is three varied ideas, namely pure collective security, procedural security and hegemonic collective security, each of which can be analyzed accordingly. Pure collective security is seen as ‘an agreement among all states to protect their territorial integrity by establishing a legal obligation to punish those that start interstate wars. This form is seen as a legal obligation to protect the sovereignty of all states and ensures that even the most powerful do not stand as a threat to the territorial integrity of others, through the use of punishment if rules are broken. Critiquing of collective security by political theorists is no surprise, however, when realists go after this concept their focus shift s towards the idea of pure security, as they believe that ‘institutions do not have a significant independent effect on state behaviour. They put forward the argument that the pursuit of collective security creates a link between national and international security and so if they were to act on the belief that an attack on one equates to an attack on all it would mean damaging their own national security for a conflict that could be strategically irrelevant to them and possibly launch minor wars onto the global stage. In addition to this pure security would mean that all rule breakers would have to be punished, even if they were friends, something realists see as highly unlikely to take place as this would break ties with the countries allies and possibly lead to isolation. Now, procedural security, on the other hand, differs from pure collective security as it is seen as a political, rather than legal, obligation that ‘establishes political institutions to maintain international security, not legal institutions to enforce international law. The problem is that tensions can easily arise between states as the interests of the great powers are protected while they are not held accountable to community rules, such as the blatant human rights violations in Chechnya by Russia which, as one reporter noted, were ‘terrifying acts of murder. ’ The final form of collective security, which is based around the most hierarchical set-up, known as hegemonic is ‘an arrangement in which th e most powerful state claims the right to unilaterally enforce agreed-upon rules. The predicament of pursuing this type of collective security is that states can be easily swung into two mind frames, either that they accept the regulations put forth by the state as they see it as a genuine attempt to uphold international security, or, as is most often the case, they view it as an attempt by the state to further its own personal objectives thus leading to their support being withheld and security being replaced with suspicion and hostility. As realists critique the pure aspect of collective security radicals focus on procedural and hegemonic, as their fundamental belief is that collective security ‘is a tool of powerful states to impose their interests on everyone else. Their main critiquing arguments centre around the Security Council, one of six principal organs of the United Nations which is ‘arguably its most influential’ with its function being best defined in the UN charter as aiming to ‘promote the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security with the least diversion for armaments of the worlds human and economic resources’ The radicals view the security council as a part of the UN that only defends the desires of its permanent members and grants veto powers to states so that they can avoid reprimand for the breaking of rules. As is seen radicals draw attention to the political aspects of collective security, and while they would agree that the security council does follow the principles of the UN and does not have total free reign they do ‘presume there are no legal limits on the security council. It is purely an instrument of power politics. ’ With this definition of collective security we are now able to examine the set-up of the UN and thus which of these security principles it lends itself to. As mentioned before the UN Charter founded the Security Council to maintain peace and security across the globe. It has 15 members, five of which are permanent and are made up of the international powerhouses of Russia, China, France, the UK and the US with each of these possessing veto powers. The council will not act until 9 out of 15 members are in favour of a decision and none of the permanent members are opposed. What we see here from the established hierarchy and permanent memberships is that a procedural form of collective security has been created whereby each countries political institution is working to try and uphold international peace. However, if one is to fully understand how this principle of collective security is articulated in the aims of the UN it would be best to consider it, for now, in the simplified form, whereby its meaning is ‘an international agency with the capacity to invoke the threat of military sanctions in order to deter contemplated aggression or to defeat attempted aggression. ’ With this in mind we can now turn to the UN charter, a â€Å"constitution† of the United Nations that all members have to abide by, which came into effect on October 24, 1945. It is in this document that we can clearly see the aims of the UN laid out and thus allows us to identify where exactly collective security has been articulated. Article 43 of the charter is a clear example of where this is trying to be achieved as it calls upon ‘all members of the united nations, in order to contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security, undertake to make available to the Security Council, on its call and in accordance with a special agreement or agreements, armed forces, assistance, and facilities, including rights of passage, necessary for the maintaining international peace and security. The problem that the UN has faced is that the members have continually failed to meet these responsibilities and so the Security Council has repeatedly found itself under resourced when trying to fulfil its security obligations, as the historian Inis Claude writes ‘the capacity to assemble a United Nations force that will intimidate such a state or nip its aggression in the bud – is simply not available. ’ One historian who has put forward some highly thought provoking works on collective security is man called Naidu who, based on the Claude model, has drawn what he considers to be the ideal system of collective security. While not all aspects of his system can be examined in this essay due to word constraints, certainly a number of them can be considered and then by carrying out careful analysis it can be seen exactly if the UN has been able to articulate his ideas through the articles of the charter. To begin with the prohibition of arbitrary force is considered and is obviously a key part of the charter with Article 2 stating â€Å"all members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means† and that they will refrain from the threat or use of force. The use of the word force is not explicitly defined in the article, however, it can be assumed that it represents the use of physical or armed force, which means ‘coercion through economic or diplomatic or psychological methods is to be excluded from the scope of the term force. ’ The charter seems to base its aims of maintaining peace around the idea of collective measures, as demonstrated in Article 1, and is best shown in the report by the framers of the UN charter which states that ‘the use of force, therefore, remains legitimate only to back up the decisions of the organization,’ however, contradiction exists when examining the Charter’s stance on self-defence. The right to self-defence is limited by Article 51 to a state only being able to react to armed force but its effectiveness is lost in reality and with this idea of collective self-defence, which ‘is a newcomer to legal terminology and might even be considered a contradiction in terms,’ it allows for states to call to others for help and take action without the approval of the UN. As we see ‘by introducing the concept of self-defence, and especially by legitimizing collective self-defence, the Charter paved the way for the inevitable weakening of the United Nations security system. Another integral part of collective security is this guarantee of deterrence whereby the system should have the power to deter any aggressor by convincing them that their collective force would be far to overpowering. However, as we have seen the creation of a UN army is simply not possible and this therefore means that the system demands a reduct ion in military capabilities of states, something that could be achieved through either worldwide disarmament or arms control. The charter surprisingly does not seem to stress this idea of disarmament as strongly as one would assume and when the initiative is considered it seems to lack any real urgency. The word disarmament is only used twice in the charter and when considering the idea of arms it refers only to regulation rather than control, with only article 26 referring to the suggestion of ‘the establishment of a system for the regulation of armaments. This, however, should almost be expected considering the time in history the charter was formed. The makers had just experienced WWII and therefore it is understandable that they would not want to focus on disarmament and instead see that military force would be the only plausible way to maintain international peace. Of course, looking at it now it is clear that their judgment was misleading, as deterrence cannot be achieved if a states national military capabilities are not limited. Now this is not to say that the creators of the charter did not have collective security in mind as ‘the planners of the United Nations were at odds on many questions, but they were in agreement from the outset that the new organization must have the power to maintain the future peace of the world through the use of international force,’ however with modern perspective we see that their way of going about it was not the best path. Overall, what we observe is that the makers of the charter do articulate this idea of collective security in their aims; owever, the running theme appears to be that they are only able to achieve it to a certain extent as ‘the post-war world has not produced the conditions that could have facilitated the translation of the Charter theory of collective enforcement measures into a political theory. ’ While the UN’s charter may not have been capable of achieving ideal collective security it is not fair to fully judge until actu al case studies have been considered to see whether it has been implemented at times that truly call for it. One instance that can be looked at is the Falklands war in 1982. It all began on April 2nd, 1982 when the Argentines landed on the Falklands and, despite diplomatic discussion, refused to remove their military force. For the British this was a blatant violation of international law and due to this their only option was to respond through armed force. If we are to look at this with the idea of collective security in mind one would assume that it would have invoked a response from all members of the UN as an attack on one is an attack on all. This simply was not the case however and many of them decided to refrain from offering help, as it was not a direct concern of theirs. This is an instance in history that is often cited as a limitation by realists because, as mentioned before, they do not believe that a nation would damage its own national security for a conflict that is irrelevant to them. Despite this the UN has been successful at working as a peacekeeping organization with such examples as Cambodia, Yugoslavia and ethnic conflicts. The UN forces in Cyprus and Lebanon have worked together in preventing ethnic conflicts and achieved grand success as ‘ such operations have undoubtedly contributed towards the stabilization of violent ethnic conflicts and have saved lives. To conclude, what can be seen with the UN is that they have been able to partially articulate this idea of collective security into its aims in the charter, thus meaning that the security system at current cannot be considered a fully developed collective security system, as displayed by the Falklands war. Instead, what the world is faced with, at current, is an intermediate o rganization that still does not have the necessary and proper instruments to achieve ideal collective security. With this in mind we see that the United Nations is only able to achieve success within the boundaries of its own limitations. If an ideal system of collective security had been established then incidents such as the Falklands would not occur, however, since this is not the case the UN can only be expected to achieve as far as its restricted aims will allow. One cannot help but wonder if an ideal system of collective security could ever exist in the modern world but the answer to this lies only ‘in the realm of conjecturing on the future of world politics! ’