How Society Views Mental Health Changed over Time

School of Health and Social Care Psychology of Health and Illness unit Observational record template What happened Initial thoughts Whilst at work I saw the nurse take bloods from a patient which was a monthly routine for the patient it has always gone ok and the patient has been fine with having her bloods taken before. The nurse told the patient it wouldn’t hurt at all. Something happened whereby the nurse couldn’t get the blood and had to re-attempt the procedure.The patient also experienced some pain during this procedure which she wasn’t expecting, the patient found this a quite traumatic experience The patient was elderly and appeared confused. The patient became anxious and next time a blood test was due became increasingly worried and reluctant to have the procedure. She appeared frightened of the needle What happened My initial thought was why did the procedure not go to plan and why did the patient react in the way she did.The previous procedure was fin e and she knew what it involved she had her arm out ready for her bloods to be taken, she thought it wouldn’t hurt because it has always gone ok for her with minimal distress and pain so she wouldn’t be expecting that experience. Now the behaviour has changed and gets distressed when she sees the nurse with the needle. Another thought would be is she afraid of the nurse or the needle. Does the patient feel under pressure now to have her bloods taken. Initial thoughts One of my family members called may has lost both of her sons in the same year a few years ago they were both identical twins.This caused her to feel very low and had become depressed whilst grieving for her sons. Her husband has recently become disabled and is unable to cope alone at home. It is coming up to the twins birthday and she is feeling low she said to myself that she doesn’t think she can be happy and she always has bad luck. The other day she forgot she was cooking and burnt her food and also has forgot she is suppose to be at work . She has lost a lot of weight since she has been at home more helping her husband. She has been a light smoker most of her life but is not smoking a lot more.May is not the lady’s real name it is used for confidentiality reasons. My first thoughts is that the patient could be stressed after the life events that have occurred There are the daily pressures of work and general life with her still grieving for her sons, then on top her husband is recently disabled. The build up can be the stressor she could suffer with burnout if she is stressed for too long which could also lead back to depression. She is blaming external forces her saying that she always has had bad luck.Her feelings and thoughts in the mind is with her forgetting things, is this because she has other things on her mind due to pressure and replacing her long term memory with new memories. Not many of her needs have been met to achieve a sense of wellbeing. Another thought is how would she cope with the situation in hand which way would she go, good or bad meaning action response or palliative coping. If the patient is controlled by others or feels disempowered then they could become increasingly helpless whereby they completely rely on others and depend on them to make decisions for them this could also Increase stress.This essay will provide a definition of the term psychology and look at a brief history of how psychology originated. It will discuss psychological theorists and look at how their studies influenced how we view psychological concepts today. The essay will relate how psychological studies and theories can inform nursing care. It will outline a selection of psychological approaches such as the biological, humanistic and psychodynamic. It will discuss in further detail and focus upon the behaviourist and cognitive approaches. It will then go on to explore how the observations A and B can be explained within psychological theory.Ob servation A will apply the behaviourist approach to the situation and try to explore how this theory relates to the observation. It will discuss how a routine procedure could impact upon a person and their behaviours. Observation B will utilise the cognitive approach and apply this to the experiences of a person experiencing stressful life challenges it will explore key issues such as coping and information processing. The concept of Psychology originated from philosophy and biology which are two factors used in psychology today (Eysenck 2009).Psychology represents ‘study of the mind’ (Gross 2005). Psychology is a type of science which studies the behaviour of humans and animals, psychology tries to understand why people behave in certain ways taking into consideration their thoughts and feelings (Eysenck 2009). The term psychology was founded from the Greek word, psyche which means mind, soul or spirit combined with the Latin word logos which means’ the study of ’ (Gross 2005). Psychology dates back to ancient civilizations who were interested in workings of the the mind and behaviours (Payne and Walker 2003).Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychological laboratory in 1879 (Glassman 2008). Wundt and his co workers studied the structures that make up the mind, he was the first theorist to use psychology as a self conscious experiment studying perceptions and conscious awareness (Gross 2005). Psychology is relevant to nurses and health care professionals because both nurses and psychologists seek to understand the range of needs of an individual (Barker 2007). They also look at ways of adapting behaviours to make it possible for the individual to achieve a sense of well being. Barker 2007). According to the NMC (2008) nursing focuses on the individual as a whole taking in their physical, psychological, social or cultural needs rather than a specific aspect of an individual. Psychology gives nurses an insight into human behaviour and can inform them when providing care for people (Payne and Walker 2003). There are certain psychological based therapies in place such as person centred counselling and cognitive behavioural therapy to help people deal with anxiety and depression (Gross 2005).The biological approach assumes that our individual behaviour and experiences happen because of the activity in the nervous system (Glassman and Hadad 2004). Our central nervous system (CNS) is made up of neurons which are billions of nerve endings within the body (Glassman and Hadad 2004). According to this approach it is believed that a person’s thoughts feelings and actions are caused by the CNS (Livingstone 2009). Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was the first to suggest that we should view behaviour from a biological perspective. He saw the importance of children resembling their arents and the variations in humans and how individuals inherit genes as a cause of evolution (Eysenck 2009). The humanistic approach concentrates o n a person’s individual perceptions and understanding of their own actions (Payne and Walker 2003). Individuals have their own free will to choose how they act in situations(Gross 2005). Carl Rogers explored the theory of self concept (Gross 2005). He believed individuals are at their happiest when they have a positive regard of themselves, to achieve this status they must have an unconditional positive regard from other individuals (Payne and Walker 2003).If the individual does not have this they will not achieve a sense of worth. Abraham Maslow suggested the person centred theory of the hierarchy of needs ( 1943 cited Barker 2007). This suggests individuals have a responsibility to themselves to reach self actualization (Barker 2007). This theory is popular in the health profession because it looks at a person as a whole (Eysenck 2009). The psychodynamic approach suggests behaviour forms from our unconscious mind (Glassman and Hadad 2004). The forces in a person’s pe rsonality motivate different types of behaviour for example the unconscious and subconscious (Glassman and Hadad 2004).Sigmund Freud influenced the psychodynamic approach through his psychoanalytic theory of personality (WJEC 2009). Behaviour can be influenced by three parts of the mind; Id, Ego and Superego (Gross 2005). Id is an impulsive part of an individual’s personality, the Id influences basic biological drives such as eating and drinking (Glassman and Hadad 2004) . The aim of Id is to get what you need at any cost to maintain basic survival needs (WJEC 2009). The Ego is where individuals become rational, the ego balances the needs of the Id and Superego.The superego understands right from wrong, it rationalises behaviour that is learnt by parents and other surrounding influences (WJEC 2009). The ego will protect itself from unwanted thoughts for example painful memories can be pushed into the unconscious mind which can then be forgotten (Glassman and Hadad 2004). It i s suggested behaviour is influenced by childhood experiences, while in the stage of childhood the ego is not developed enough to deal with a life event such as a traumatic experience (WJEC 2009).The behaviourist approach assumes the way we behave is the result of an experience, the approach looks at the environmental stimuli which could be an experience and how this influences the way in which someone learns (Glassman and Hadad 2004). Watson researched ways in which this theory could be measured and observed (Glassman and Hadad 2004). One of his studies was the ‘Little Albert’ whereby he thought children have three basic emotional reactions fear, rage, and love. He wanted to prove these three reactions could be conditioned in children.Watson used Albert to test his theory, He repeatedly presented Albert a rat in combination with a sudden, loud noise to classically condition fear (Gross 2005). ). Ivan Pavlov researched classical conditioning, while looking at the salivat ion of dogs he noticed what he called psychic salivation (Gross 2005). This is where a dog would salivate before it was given food (Gross 2005). Pavlov founded a basis for what we now call classical conditioning (Glassman and Hadad 2004). The theorist Skinner researched operant conditioning, one of his studies was a ‘skinner box’.A rat or pigeon would be studied doing certain tasks for example pushing a lever in the box for a reward thus becoming conditioned (Gross 2005). There are two forms of conditioning; classical and operant. Within classical conditioning an unconditioned response (UR) is when a response is not conditioned (Eysenck 2009). A neutral stimulus (NS) is the object which causes the UR (Gross 2005). The conditioned stimuli (CS) is an object which is associated with the NS pairing these two together after a number of attempts will soon create a conditioned response (CR) which would be classical conditioning (Eysenck 2009).If the CS is used by its self for a while the response will become extinct, after extinction it is possible to introduce the NS again and this creates spontaneous recovery (Eysenck 2009). In operant conditioning there are positive reinforces which are things given to strengthen the behaviour for example the rats used in the skinner box were given food every time they pushed the button (Gross 2005). A negative reinforce is something which is taken away to increase a behaviour (Glassman and Hadad 2004).Punishment is a form of a negative reinforce this could be something like a slap on the wrists for a child showing naughty behaviour this may result in a decrease of the response (Glassman and Hadad 2004) This essay will discuss how the behaviourist approach can be applied to observation A and how conditioning applies. Within classical conditioning the neutral stimulus and unconditional stimulus needs to be paired multiple times to achieve the conditioned response. If the patient in the observation viewed the pain as a traumatic experience then the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus ill only need to be paired once to get the conditioned response. Before learning the neutral stimulus would be the needle and the unconditioned response would be the patient in distress. The unconditioned stimulus would be the pain so during the observation, the needle is the neutral stimulus which before would give the patient no response. Then during the procedure the neutral stimulus (needle) gives the patient an unpleasant pain which is the unconditioned response. The next time the patient’s routine bloods were due when she saw the needle which is the conditioned stimulus it gave the patient distress which is the conditioned response.Applying the approach to the observation the patient appears to have been classically conditioned. This is because before the observation when the patient had the procedure they appeared fine. During the observation the patient appeared to experience pain which lead her to become distressed because of the discomfort. After the conditioning when the nurse came in the room the patient associated the procedure with the pain so was scared to have the procedure, she is showing signs of fear when associating needle and pain.Although the needle could be viewed as a NS the nurse also could be, because in the patients mind the nurse gave her the pain. Other factors could also incorporate conditioning such as the environment for example if the patient was hot and uncomfortable can also be a trigger for becoming distressed. The cognitive approach looks at the role of the thought processes within the mind such as memory and information processing (Payne and Walker 2003). Cognitive psychologists are interested with brain thoughts that guide and cause different behaviour (Gross 2005).Until the 1990’s the cognitive approach only assumed how information was stored in the brain (Glassman and Hadad 2004). More enhanced technology including brain imaging tech niques which helped psychologists and neuroscientists to map out brain function in coalition with behaviour (Payne and Walker 2003). Studies have shown that the relationships between thinking and languages can influence the way we think (Payne and Walker 2003). The information processing model has broadened our understanding of memory and problem solving (Glassman and Hadad 2004).Cognitive psychologists see the human mind as an information processor; we take the information from an environment and interpret in our own way to produce behaviour (Glassman and Hadad 2004). The response model of stress defines stress as the reactions of the person by the demands (Gross 2005). Stress can fall under 3 categories stress can be a stimulus, response or an interaction between an individual and its environment (Gross 2005). The categories of stress can correspond to the three models of stress (Cox 1978 cited in Gross 2005).Holmes and Rahe (1967 cited Eysenck 2009) developed the social readjustm ent rating scale (SRRS) to assess life events. They suggested that if a person has had many life events they are likely to be stressed (Gross 2005). Rotter (1966 cited Gross 2005) found that life events are more stressful if their locus of control was external. An external locus of control means that their behaviour is guided by fate, luck or other external circumstances such as other people (Barker 2007). According to Martin Seligman (1967 cited in Gross 2005), learned helplessness can happen when individuals have no control over their life or situation.They begin to think they are helpless, people who have learned helplessness appear to miss the opportunities to help change their situation (Gross 2005). Walter Canon (1932) suggested the principle of the fight or flight response, fight or flight means we prepare ourselves for attack harm or threat, when an individual is stressed the body reacts to make the fight or flight response (Gross 2005). According to Gross (2005) Hans Selye (1956) further developed this to create the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).GAS stands for the body’s way of defending against stress, individuals will act in response to any stressor in the same way within the body (Gross 2005). According to Gross (2005) coping means dealing with a situation to act and overcome a situation. Cohen and Lazarus (1979) classified different ways in which individuals cope (Eysenck 2009). Direct coping is when a person deals with the situation by changing, or removing the stressor. The individual looks at the situation to understand it, then if a similar stressor arises the individual can deal with it (Gross 2005).Emotion focused coping looks at trying to take away the off putting emotion to make the individual feel better for example ignoring the stress and doing something that makes the individual feel good (Gross 2005). Palliative coping is when the individuals turn to relief which is short term they will change the internal environment for ex ample alcohol (Gross2005). When applying the cognitive approach to observation B, May appears to be stressed. The information processing model has taken the information from the stimulus which is May’s ife events which and interpreted it into stress (Glassman and Hadad 2004). This applies to the information processing model because she is taking information from the environment and situation to interpret it in her own way formulating negative thoughts and behaviours (Gross 2005). She is responding to the events that have occurred in her life, for example her sons dying and her husband becoming recently disabled, she has had to try and balance her daily life demands and incorporate caring for her husband at the same time.When there is an imbalance it is likely stress can occur, this applies to May. According to the SRRS May has had many major life events which can cause her a high level of stress and she had already suffered with depression which is proved to be significant on the scale (Eysenck 2009). May’s locus of control is external, this is because according to May she does not think she will ever be happy again, and she has bad luck her emotions are low so her helplessness can result in stress (Barker 2007).May also maybe stressed due to the fight or flight response, this is because she is perceiving her life experiences and current situation as a threat (Gross 2005). May has not yet seen any opportunity to help herself from this stress she has not yet looked at a way of removing the stress if she stays in this situation she may have learned helplessness (Gross 2005). Applying to Mays way of coping, she appears to be palliative coping, this is because she has turned to short term relief such as smoking which is changing her internal environment (Gross 2005).In conclusion this essay has given a definition of psychology, It has understood why psychology is relevant to the nursing profession. The essay has given an overview of the biological ap proach which assumes that person’s behaviour happens because of the CNS. It has also given an overview of the humanistic approach which explains a person has their own perceptions and understanding of their actions, the approach is more relevant to nursing because it takes into consideration the whole aspects of a person to help achieve self actualisation.The essay has given an overview of the psychodynamic approach which suggests that behaviour forms from our unconscious mind. It has given an explanation of the behaviourist approach explaining classical and operant conditioning. Then given an overview of how this approach has applied to observation A, using classical conditioning. Finally this essay has explained the cognitive approach relating it to the model of stress & coping and explained how observation B can be demonstrated within the cognitive approach. References Barker. S. , 2007.Vital notes for nurses: Psychology. Oxford: Blackwell publishing. Glassman. W and Hadad . M. , 2004. Approaches to psychology. 4th edition. Buckingham: open university press. Gross. R. , 2005. Psychology the Science of Mind and Behaviour. 5th edition. London: Green Gate. Livingstone. C. , 2009. Psychology and sociology applied to medicine. 3rd edition. London: Harcourt publishers. Nursing and Midwifery council. , 2008. The code. UK: nursing midwifery council. Available from: http://www. nmc-uk. org/Documents/Standards/The-code-A4-20100406. df [accessed 14/02/12] Payne. S. and Walker. J. , 2003. Psychology for nurses and the caring professionals. Berkshire: Open university press. Royal College of Nursing. , 2003. P. 3, Defining Nursing. London: The Royal College of Nursing. Available from: http://www. rcn. org. uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/78569/001998. pdf [accessed 14/02/12] WJEC. , 2009. Psychology AS. Dublin: Folens publishers. available from: http://onlineclassroom. tv/files/posts/the_psychodynamic_approach_free_chapter/document00/WJEC_AS_Ch_03. pdf [accessed 9/0 2/12]

Body Shop Proposal

Proposal Outline (4%) Proposition Statement:____________________________________________ This proposal aims to produce a 4-as campaign in Seventeen to promote The Body Shop Bath & body products to audiences aged 15 – 19. P1: Proposition (2 paras) I. The Body Shop is currently lacking in advertisement directed towards teenagers even though sales would be greatly boosted if they can manage to appeal to them. A. This is because they choose to focus on targeting working adults which is leaned towards a mature image and does not appeals to teens. B.They will lose the potential to increase their sales volume if this continues. II. There are three main possible themes that we would like to propose. A. Firstly, â€Å"Fire† will be emphasising on the strong yet feminine aspects of the product. B. Secondly, â€Å"Earth† will bring attention on the environmentally-friendly nature of the products C. And lastly, the â€Å"Air† theme showcases the comfort level of the p roducts. D. This is a proposal for an advertisement spread in Seventeen selling The Body Shop Bath & Body products. ?There is a choice of three themes for the campaign, â€Å"Fire†, â€Å"Earth†, and â€Å"Water†.The recommended products for the 4-ad campaign are to be bath & shower gel, body lotion, body butter, and body scrub. P2: Potential (3 paras) I. The Body Shop is currently lacking of advertisement directed to teenagers. A. For a cosmetics retail company, The Body Shop noticeably lacks of photographs of models with beautiful hair and perfect skin, which would attract attention of teenagers. B. Currently, The Body Shop is targeting working adults and the advertisement that they made is leaned more towards a mature image. This image does not appeal to teenagers. II.The Body Shop does not appeal to teenagers and in doing so, it loses a huge number of potential customers. A. Teenagers are not attracted to The Body Shop because of a lack of celebrity represen tation. B. With the lack of advertisement, targeted audience will not be encourage to trial purchase, brand switch and develop brand loyalty towards The Body Shop. III. Sales would be greatly boosted if The Body Shop were able to appeal to teenagers. A. The Body Shop will be able to maximise it’s profits because Singaporeans teenagers aged 15-19 are very willing to spend money on body products.B. Products such as body products could easily allow the consumer to develop brand loyalty towards the brand because they would have develop a habit for using our brand’s product. This results in repeated purchases and promotes sales in long term. P3: Possibilities (3 paras) I. The first theme, â€Å"Fire† theme will emphasize the strong yet feminine aspects of the product. A. â€Å"Fire† will pitch the products in a sexy yet elegant way, appealing to girls who want to be seen as confident and independent women. B.For example, in the Body butter advertisement, we ca n feature a model clad in only lingerie and high heels and applying body butter on her body. This would suggest that one would feel confident with their body after using our products. The main colour of this advertisement will be red, black and white to give off a Parisian feel, which represents elegance, yet at the same time emphasizes on the fiery and bold aspects of the theme. II. The second theme, â€Å"Earth† will focus attention on the environmentally friendly nature of the products.A. Products would come across as environmental and relaxing under the â€Å"Earth† theme and would appeal to both males and females because it makes them feel comfortable. B. The advertisement for bath & shower gel portray a model unwinding in a bathtub full of soapy water, implying that she had just used the product and suggest that one would feel relaxed after using the product. The background of this advertisement could be a natural setting filled with trees and plants to emphasize on the nature aspects of the theme. III.The third theme, the â€Å"Air† theme, will showcase the comfort level of the products. A. Under the â€Å"Air† theme, products would be pitch as simple yet lasting comfort, appealing to both genders because of the theme’s purity and freshness. B. One example of a body lotion advertisement under the â€Å"Air† theme is to do a compare and contrast of a model who applied the body lotion in the morning and the same model looking energetic and fresh at night to represent the lasting effects and the comfort level can be seen through the model’s cheerful appearance.The advertisement would be in pastel colours to emphasize on the theme’s purity. P4: Proposal (3 paras) I. We have decided to go with the â€Å"Earth† theme because it highlights the key feature of our product and will be effective in attracting our target audience’s interest. A. The Body Shop unique selling point is being environm entally friendly and it is also what the audience associate The Body Shop with. By going along with this theme, audience are able to identify The Body Shop because our concept will be consistent.B. B. Our target audience have a very hectic lifestyle and by portraying a product, which comes across as relaxing to them is a very feasible idea because it is what the target audience need and that is also what they are looking for. This will thus increase sales of the products. II. We have rejected the â€Å"Fire† theme because it doesn’t specifically appeals to our target audiences. A. The â€Å"Fire† theme might seem over-mature to our target audiences and they would not want to be associated with such image. B.The â€Å"Fire† theme might also be inappropriate and clashes with The Body Shop image because The Body Shop has always emphasize that beauty can be achieve even without baring a lot of skin. II. We have also rejected the â€Å"Air† theme becaus e it’s concept is very common in Body products. A. The concept of comfort in a body product is not unique and thus, would not be effective in attracting the targeted audience as it doesn’t stand out. B. Audiences are easily able to find cheaper alternatives with the same benefits. *Total number of paras: 11 (do not create any more paragraphs†¦ it’s 11, no more, no fewer)

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Sales Planning and Operations - Assignment Example This report is an effort to signify the importance of personal selling in the promotional activities and how they can be used by the Hendrix brothers to foster their sales and service. Significance of Personal Selling in the Promotional Mix â€Å"Promotion is persuasive communication. Companies rely on promotion to inform people about their products and services. Companies also use promotional techniques to enhance their public image and reputation and persuade people that their products are valuable† (Glencoe, n.d., p.362). Non-profit organisations rely on the promotional activities to make the public educated about an issue or to advocate for the changes in a regulation or a policy. The objectives of the promotional activities can be articulated by the phrase AIDA. In the process, the company must attract the attention, build the interest and desire and finally the company must ask for action. Promotion is a significant element of the marketing mix. In the absence of communi cation, the customers may not be aware of the product and its prospective their requirements and desires. A number of different communication tools form a significant part of communication mix. The organisations must decide which tools are required to be used for the larger sales and in specific proportion. There are four significant components of promotion mix including advertising, sales promotion, personal selling and public relations. Promotional mix is an organisation’s total communication a program consisting of various blends of its components and the mix is used to achieve the company’s marketing goals and objectives. â€Å"Personal selling refers to the personal communication with one or more prospective buyers for the purpose of selling a product or service† (NOS, n.d., p.28). Personal selling is one of the most effective tools to communicate with the consumers. Personal selling involves interaction at the personal level and that is why the feedback is received immediately. The communication through personal selling is quite flexible. The sales personnel can adjust the communication according to the understanding of the customers. The personal selling is more persuasive. The selling personnel can convince the consumers about the utility of the product. The efficiency of the impressive salesmen can leave an impression on the potential buyers which in turn would increase the sales in the coming future. There are a number of other forms of promotional mix. Personal selling can offer considerable contribution in the other promotional mix tools. Advertising is an impersonal and paid communication form in order to endorse a physical product or service. The promotional tool can be in the print form as in the newspapers and magazines, in the audio form or in the audio visual form as on the television or cinema screen etc. Personal selling can be used to flaunt the utilities and advantages of the products to intensify the advertisements. Sales promotion refers to the use of short term incentives such as discounts, free gifts, demonstration, store display, free sample coupons etc to encourage the immediate purchase of a product or service. The personal sales team can offer these incentives to the customers to increase the sales and revenue. To a certain extent the significance of personal selling depends on the nature of the product. As a general rule, merchandises which are

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Data Collection - Research Paper Example ChoicePoint’s functions are essential not only for government organizations but also for private consumers. The data collected and provided by ChoicePoint facilitates the fluent running of different organizations in following ways; easy and quick access to personal information benefits both the parties involved in a venture. In addition to that provision of jobs becomes more accurate when different organizations have appropriate data with them. The data provided by ChoicePoint allows the credit card and insurance companies to avoid thefts and frauds and to decrease the cost. This data is also beneficent for security and law agencies because through ChoicePoint they can have an access to the data which they cannot access by themselves due to legal restrictions. The major disadvantage of this data aggregation is identity theft as easy access to personal information enables the hackers to use someone’s identity in criminal actions and as a result the victims of identity theft have to tolerate bitter consequences. In addition to that most of the people think of this data collection as interference in their privacy and thus this act is considered as indecent and unethical. Moreover, there is no proof of the fact that the information provided by ChoicePoint is accurate and sometimes it can be misleading as well. To conclude, there is a very narrow difference between invasions in privacy and the act that is performed to get the information required for the fluent running of different organizations. Personal data collection provides the business with valuable information that plays an important role in acquiring its goals. In today’s era of technology it is essential that one should have complete information about the parties involved in a venture before indulging in it, in order to avoid thefts and frauds. Sometimes, what is considered as an invasion in privacy by certain people is something that is necessary for the fluent

Literature review on patient discharge instructions Research Paper

Literature review on patient discharge instructions - Research Paper Example A convenience sample was used of 287 patients. In this particular ER, full understanding was found in 72% of the parents that had children discharge from the ER. The results showed that overall, there was a fair understanding in this case while 20% still showed very little understanding post discharge. Supporting the results of that study but getting poorer results, Gilroy noted in a study done in 2009 that patients who are discharged from the emergency room have a difficult time remembering the instructions, especially those that are given about such things as wound care and medications. In a study performed in an emergency room, doing call back 1 week after discharge, 68% could not tell the call back nurse what the instructions that were given were. In a study performed by the University of Michigan Health System (2008), it is noted that around the nation there are 115 million patients that visit the emergency room. Of those patients, 3/4 leave with an impression of what happened or what should happen next. Most ER care teams including University of Michigan would like to see much better than 75% remember what to do next. What they found to be even more upsetting was that 80% of those that understood what to do next were "pretty sure what to do". Northwestern Hospital of Chicago (2008), performed a similar study, reviewing making post ER calls over a 6 month period and collecting data from those calls. Researchers at Northwestern, led by Engel, reported more than 75% of ED patients interviewed after discharge had deficient comprehension or less than complete memory. Further 20% of the patients who had difficulty with comprehension felt they were having problems understanding what the doctor was telling them in the first place. Isaacman, Pur4vis, and Gyuro (2001), performed a study in an attempt to determine whether standardized instructions enhance communication of discharge information. They had 197 parents of children with otitis media. They studied three different groups. The first group got verbal instructions, the second got standardized instructions, and the third group received verbal instructions plus a typed copy of what was said. Parents were questioned about prescribed medications prior to leaving ER and again 2 days later on the phone. When data was calculated the parents who received standard instructions, in all cases, showed much better understanding and retention of information given them in the ER. Understanding of the importance of implementing discharge planning, Barnard & Chapman (2009), completed and reported on a study which was conducted to describe emergency department nurses understanding and experience of implementing strong discharge planning and discharge instructions from the ER. For purposes of data collection, nurses were interviewed in a semi-structured process. The study was a phenomenological qualitative approach. ER nurses showed a great deal of interest in updating this process in the ER. However, there are many barriers here. The ER must provide sufficient time per nurse, clear policies and standards of discharge and professional enhancement and commitment. In Ireland Dunnion & Kelly (2005) looked at the discharge of older adults from the emergency room and the effects of discharge planning and instructions on discharge. They found that approximately 65% of patients above the age of 65 went home without a complete picture of what was to happen next and because of this made medication errors and often did not see follow up when necessary. They had two groups in which patients were assigned randomly. Patients in group one were discharged using the nurses usual method and the other had a discharge management team. This tam

Reflection Week Essay Example for Free

Reflection Week Essay Apply ratio, vertical, and horizontal analyses to financial statements Ratio analyses are used by companies to gather information in a company’s financial statement. Ratios and numbers from a company’s current year are compared to previous years and sometimes even the economy to judge the company’s performance. There are several ratios such as profitability ratios, liquidity ratios, activity ratios, leverage ratios and market ratios that can be used to calculate financial information. In vertical analyses, each entry of the assets, liabilities and equities in a balance sheet is represented as a proportion of the total account of the financial statement. In horizontal analysis a company’s ratios are compared in the financial statements over a period of time. Horizontal analysis can be used from revenues to earnings per share. Prepare a statement of cash flows using both direct and indirect methods. When preparing a statement of cash flows, there are two different methods that can be used; there is the direct method, and there is also the indirect method. The direct method shows operating cash receipts and payments, making it more consistent with the objective of a statement of cash flow, while the indirect method adjusts net income for items that do not affect cash. The FASB allows both methods to be used because in the end the results of the total amount for net cash provided by operating activities arrive in the same way. Companies use numerous adjustments when preparing such statements so following a proper guide such as the direct method or indirect method will help to ensure that everything is properly in order the way it should be. Prepare journal entries associated with the issuance of preferred and common stocks and the declaration and payment of dividends The issuance of common stock affects only paid-in-capital accounts. Always record common stock at its par or stated value. Debit Cash and credit Common Stock. Preferred stock has preference over common stock. However, preferred stockholders do not have voting rights. The entry is debit to Cash and credit to Preferred Stock. For a corporation to issue cash dividends there must be: retained earnings, adequate cash, and a declaration of dividends. A company does not pay dividends unless its board of directors decides to do so, then it is deemed declared. When it is declared then it becomes a liability. Three important dates are observed with dividends: declaration date, record date, and the payment date. Declaration commits a corporation to legal obligations.

The Psychology of Groups Essay Example for Free

The Psychology of Groups Essay In life, people have groups that they use to compare themselves to. These groups, or reference groups, serve as benchmarks that we can compare our lives to. College students in particular have a large array of these groups because their lives are at a point where they are being shaped the most. College students are on the cusp of careers, families, and they are shaping who they want to be in the future. Parents make an excellent reference group for college students because they generally have well established careers and families. Kids grow up modeling their behavior after their parents, so it is natural that they would use their parents as a reference group throughout their lives. Parents are important reference groups because the person referencing them has close emotional ties with them, and are a benchmark for success at home, and in careers. Coworkers are another important reference group as well. Coworkers are often times people well established in careers, and can serve as a good benchmark for success at work. We can use coworkers to compare how we are doing in our field of work in regard to doing the work, getting promotions, and balancing work and home life. I think the most important reference group that college students have are other college students. College is a competitive place, since the people with the highest grades get the best rank in each class. Referencing your peers is a good way to judge your progress in college, and can make you more competitive in college and later in life. In conclusion, the most important reference groups that a college student can have are parents, coworkers, and other college students. These groups serve as benchmarks for making progress in our lives, can make us more competitive, and show us how we can make ourselves better.